Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids
The petroleum industry in general has been dominated by engineers and production specialists. The upstream segment of the industry is dominated by€drilling/completion engineers. Usually, neither of those disciplines have a great deal of training€in the chemistry aspects of drilling and completing a well prior to its going on production.€The chemistry of drilling fluids and completion fluids have a profound effect on the success of a well. For example, historically the drilling fluid costs to drill a well have averaged around 7% of the overall cost of the well, before completion
1 online resource (721 pages)
9780123838599, 9780123838582, 9781283196031, 9786613196033, 0123838592, 0123838584, 1283196034, 6613196037
747409573
Front Cover
Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction to Drilling Fluids
Functions of Drilling Fluids
Composition of Drilling Fluids
Properties of Drilling Fluids
Drilling Fluid Selection
Mud Handling Equipment
Optimization
References
Chapter 2. The Development of Drilling Fluids Technology
Water-Based Drilling Fluids Technology
Oil-Based Drilling Fluids Technology
Gas-Based Drilling Fluids Technology
References
Chapter 3. Equipment and Procedures for Evaluating Drilling Fluid Performance
Sample Preparation
Properties Measured
Multifunctional Circulating Systems
Aging at High Temperature
Particle Size Determination
Identification of Mineral Constituents
Determination of Gas, Oil, and Solids Content
Electrical Properties
Materials for Regaining Lost Circulation
Maintenance of Hole Stability
Lubricity
Factors Affecting Differential-Pressure Sticking of Drill Pipe
Corrosion Tests
Flocculants
Foams and Foaming Agents
Aniline Point
Chemical Analysis
Evaluation of Drilling Fluid Materials
References
Chapter 4. Clay Mineralogy and the Colloid Chemistry of Drilling Fluids
Characteristics of Colloidal Systems
Clay Mineralogy
Origin and Occurrence of Clay Minerals
Ion Exchange
Clay Swelling Mechanisms
The Electrostatic Double Layer
Particle Association
The Mechanism of Gelation
Polymers
References
Chapter 5. The Rheology of Drilling Fluids
Laminar Flow Regime
Turbulent Flow Regime
Influence of Temperature and Pressure on the Rheology of Drilling Fluids
Application of Flow Equations to Conditions in the Drilling Well
Rheological Properties Required for Optimum Performance
The Importance of Hole Stability. Notation
References
Chapter 6. The Filtration Properties of Drilling Fluids
Static Filtration
The Filter Cake
Dynamic Filtration
Filtration in the Borehole
Notation
References
Chapter 7. The Surface Chemistry of Drilling Fluids
Surface Tension
Wettability
Surface Free Energy
Adhesion
Surfactants
Emulsions
Oil-Wetting Agents
Foams
Defoamers
The Effect of Electrochemical Environment on Rock Failure
Notation
References
Chapter 8. Hole Stability
The Mechanics of Borehole Stability
Hole Instability Caused by Interaction between the Drilling Fluid and Shale Formations
Notation
References
Chapter 9. Drilling Problems Related to Drilling Fluids
Drill String Torque and Drag
Differential Sticking of the Drill String
Slow Drilling Rate
Loss of Circulation
High Temperatures
Corrosion of Drill Pipe
Notation
References
Chapter 10. Completion, Reservoir Drilling, Workover, and Packer Fluids
Expense versus Value
The Skin Effect
Prevention of Formation Damage
Selection of Completion and Workover Fluids
Tests for Potential Formation Damage by Completion Fluids
Packer Fluids and Casing Packs
Reservoir Drilling Fluids
Formate Brines
References
Chapter 11. Drilling Fluid Components
Types of Drilling Fluids
Water-Based Muds
Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Inverted Emulsion Drilling Muds
Foam Drilling Fluids
Chemically Enhanced Drilling Fluids
Gas-Based Muds
Summary of Additives
Weighting Agents
Barite
Ilmenite
Calcium Carbonate
Zinc Oxide
Zirconium Oxide
Manganese Tetroxide
Hollow Glass Microspheres
Lubricants
Molybdenum Disulfide
Polarized Graphite
Ellipsoidal Glass Granules
Paraffins
Olefins
Synthetic Greases
Phospholipids
Alcohols
Ethers and Esters
Starch. Thickeners
Polymers
Mixed Metal Hydroxides
Lost Circulation Additives
Water Swellable Polymers
Anionic Association Polymer
Fragile Gels
Permanent Grouting
Clay and Shale Stabilizers
Salts
Saccharide Derivatives
Sulfonated Asphalt
Grafted Copolymers
Poly(oxyalkylene amine)s
Anionic Polymers
Shale Encapsulator
Membrane Formation
Formation Damage Prevention
Surfactants
Emulsifiers
Invert Emulsions
Aphrons
Low-Fluorescent Emulsifiers
Bacteria Control
Corrosion Inhibitors
Oxygen Scavenger
Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
Special Additives for Water-Based Drilling Muds
Special Additives for Oil-Based Drilling Muds
Special Additives for Inverted Emulsion Drilling Muds
References
Chapter 12. Drilling and Drilling Fluids Waste Management
Drilling Wastes
Minimizing Waste Problems
Waste Disposal Options
Slurry Fracture Injection
Offshore Waste Disposal for NADFs
Offshore Discharge
Onshore Disposal
Evaluation of Fate and Effects of Drill Cuttings Discharge
Benthic Impacts and Recovery
Biodegradation and Organic Enrichment
Chemical Toxicity and Bioaccumulation
Recovery
Laboratory Studies
Characterization of NADF Biodegradability
OGP Document Conclusions
Waste Reduction and Recycling
Prototype Small Footprint Drilling Rig
Disappearing Roads
NOx Air Emissions Studies
Drilling Waste Management Website
New Product R & D
References
U.S. Waste Regulation Bibliography
Appendix A: Conversion Factors
Appendix B: Abbreviations Used in References
Author Index
Subject Index
English
ebookcentral.proquest.com Connect to Ebook.